ABOUT HERBERT HOOVER AND THE HOOVER INSTITUTION

The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace is a remarkable organization that was founded by an extraordinary individual, Herbert Hoover. Orphaned at the age of ten, at seventeen, Hoover joined four hundred students at Stanford University for inaugural ceremonies that opened the university on October 1, 1891. After graduating in Stanford's pioneer class in 1895, he would go on to become a successful mining engineer, generous benefactor, well-known humanitarian, prominent statesman, and president of the United States.

In 1914, Herbert Hoover was living and working in London, England, when World War I broke out in Europe. He immediately became involved with assisting American travelers who were fleeing the war zone. With the German invasion of the neutral nation of Belgium, Hoover was asked to create a private humanitarian relief agency to assist Belgium's civilian population, which was accustomed to importing 80 percent of its food. The German occupation and the Allied naval blockade threatened famine and death by starvation to this country's citizens.

During this time, Hoover read, and was influenced by, an autobiography of Andrew White, a distinguished historian, diplomat, and the first president of Cornell University. White had assembled a vast collection of documents pertaining to the French Revolution that ultimately contributed to one of the best accounts of this historic event. Hoover then realized that he was in a unique position to collect fugitive information about the Great War that was then unfolding. It was this idea and vision that would lead the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace into becoming the largest private repository of documents on twentieth-century political history.

In 1917, the United States entered the war, and Hoover, by now a famous humanitarian hero, returned stateside and was appointed by President Woodrow Wilson to become head of the newly created U.S. Food Administration. When the war ended in 1918, Hoover returned to Europe for almost a year as director-general of the American Relief Administration to organize the supply and distribution of food and relief materials to more than twenty nations affecting one-third of the population of Europe, thereby facilitating the emergence of stable economies in the war-torn region.

By 1920, Hoover and his family had returned to his alma mater, building a handsome house on the Stanford campus. However, in 1921, President-Elect Warren Harding recruited Hoover to become secretary of commerce. While traditionally a lowly cabinet position, the popular Hoover quickly established himself as one of the most prominent people in American public life. When President Calvin Coolidge succeeded President Harding, Herbert Hoover was asked to continue his service in the same capacity.

In 1928, when President Coolidge declined to run for a second term of office, Herbert Hoover was urged to become the Republican candidate and was eventually elected as the 31st president of the United States. In his first year of office, an economic crisis ensued with the stock market crash of October 1929. The onslaught of the Great Depression led to Franklin D. Roosevelt's successful presidential campaign in 1932. Herbert Hoover and family returned to their Stanford home in 1933.

In 1919, Herbert Hoover pledged $50,000 to Stanford University to support his Hoover War Collection. He was also personally responsible for most of the gifts during the early founding, as well as for decades thereafter. The collection flourished in the early years and in 1922 was renamed the Hoover War Library. While it was physically housed within the Stanford Library, the collection was kept separate. By 1926, it was legitimately described as the largest library in the world dealing with the Great War. By 1929, the library contained 1.4 million items, and physical space became an issue during the troubling times of the Great Depression. Finally, in 1938, a building plan was unveiled for Hoover Tower. The tower, reaching a height of 285 feet, was completed in 1941--the fiftieth anniversary of Stanford University.

By 1946, the agenda of the Hoover War Library had extended significantly to include research activities, and thus the organization was renamed the Hoover Institute and Library on War, Revolution and Peace. Herbert Hoover was now living in New York City and allowing his Stanford residence to be used by Stanford's president. He would later donate his home to the university for such use. Nonetheless, Hoover remained integrally involved in the Hoover Institute and Library as a significant benefactor, fund-raiser, and principal provider of guiding inspiration.

Indeed, in 1956 a major funding campaign was launched, with Herbert Hoover leading the effort. The development of the enterprise was so prominent that in 1957 it was again renamed as the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, the name it holds today.

Prior to Hoover's death in 1964, he reflected on the Institution and its accomplishments, scope, importance, and purpose. He submitted a statement to the Board of Trustees of Stanford University in 1959 in which he stated:

This Institution supports the Constitution of the United States, its Bill of Rights, and its method of representative government. Both our social and economic systems are based on private enterprise from which springs initiative and ingenuity. . . . Ours is a system where the Federal Government should undertake no governmental, social or economic action, except where local government, or the people, cannot undertake it for themselves. . . . The overall mission of this Institution is, from its records, to recall the voice of experience against the making of war, and by the study of these records and their publication, to recall man's endeavors to make and preserve peace, and to sustain for America the safeguards of the American way of life. This Institution is not, and must not be, a mere library. But with these purposes as its goal, the Institution itself must constantly and dynamically point the road to peace, to personal freedom, and to the safeguards of the American system.

This statement, nearly four decades old, is robust, containing the essential ingredients that characterize the Hoover Institution of today. The pervading analytic demeanor present at the Institution emphasizes freedom (economic, political, individual) in the ultimate pursuit of prosperity and peaceful security, with skepticism of an ever-expanding role of government in the affairs of society.

The Institution's overarching purpose is to

• Assemble the requisite sources of knowledge pertaining to, and to understand the causes and consequences of, economic, political, and social changes in societies, at home and abroad

• Analyze the effects of government actions relating to public policy

• Generate and disseminate ideas directed at positive policy formation using reasoned arguments and intellectual rigor, converting conceptual insights into practical policy initiatives judged to be beneficial to society

Ideas have consequences, and a free flow of competing ideas leads to an evolution of policy adoptions and associated consequences affecting the well-being of society. The Hoover Institution endeavors to be a prominent contributor of ideas having positive consequences.

There are hundreds of entities in the United States alone dedicated to brokering ideas related to public policy. The Hoover Institution has important special qualities, including

• The Institution's own significant library and archival collections

• The superb community resources of Stanford University

• An academic character allowing for freedom of inquiry without a burdensome hierarchy

• A pronounced inclination to address the "big picture" by offering ideas having broad and sweeping applications and internally consistent implications across applications

• An interest in the policy process ongoing in Washington, D.C., coincident with a residence on the West Coast, allowing for a detached vision of the policy landscape for the purpose of accomplishing research leading to long-term policy development

• A diversity of scholarship that combines research ranging from basic to applied, from theoretical to empirical, and from abstract to descriptive

• A vitality of scholarship that effectively mixes differing disciplines engaging resident fellows with visiting scholars, academic thinkers with policy practitioners, and idea generators with media communicators

To achieve the Institution's broad purpose, research is conducted using its library, archival, and scholarly assets under the auspices of three programs: Democracy and Free Markets, American Institutions and Economic Performance, and International Rivalries and Global Cooperation. These programs address, respectively, political economy abroad, political economy domestically, and political and economic relationships internationally.

Democracy and free enterprise have emerged as dominant global philosophies in the years since the collapse of the bastions of communism. Democracy has stirred the imagination and dreams of people everywhere throughout this century. Even regimes that were diametrically opposed to democracy often described themselves as "democratic" in attempts to gain the legitimacy that the term bestows. Now that communism in both its economic and its political dimensions has demonstrably failed, these states, as well as developing nations in every region of the world, are turning to a democratic model for rebuilding their societies. Within Hoover's Program on Democracy and Free Markets, two profound global trends are emphasized: (1) the replacement of authoritarian regimes with democratic processes and institutions and (2) the shift from state control of centrally directed economies to greater reliance on free markets.

Obviously, addressing these trends abroad should not preclude our attending to the appropriate role of government in our own society. Indeed, many Hoover scholars over the years have questioned the limits of government in a free society. Having observed the tendency for government to grow and take on more responsibilities in an effort to "solve" more and more problems over the course of time, Hoover fellows question both the legitimacy and the competency of government solutions and advocate the view that the price of effective and efficient democratic processes and free enterprise is "eternal research vigilance." Indeed, Americans are concerned about whether our economy will provide growing economic opportunity and a rising standard of living. At the same time, Americans seem generally frustrated with the performance and expansion of government. A paradox prevails, however, in that enormous pressures persist for even more government.

Hoover's Program on American Institutions and Economic Performance is intended to address how to enable the U.S. economy to perform better, thereby providing an ever-higher quality of life, increased economic opportunity, and greater economic freedom for all its citizens. A crucial element in assessing the performance of our economy is directed at the appropriate role of government in attaining greater economic proficiency, while at the same time addressing social problems. Despite enormous expenditures of financial and human resources, our government remains significantly challenged in assuring a climate leading to economic proficiency and simultaneously making progress toward effectively alleviating persistent social concerns.

While the United States conforms to democratic capitalism, the question of whether the evolution of institutions within the United States is gradually eroding personal freedom, resulting in greater government involvement and adversely impacting the performance of our economy, is descriptive of the inquiry of the Institution's fellows.

The Program on International Rivalries and Global Cooperation includes not only questions of war and peace but all types of rivalry and cooperation--economic, political, religious, and cultural. The demise of the Soviet Union and the attendant rejection of the socialist model of economic development have changed the context of international relations. Although many traditional rivalries remain--and will continue to be expressed in traditional political and military ways--rapid economic growth in many previously poor countries as well as dramatically expanding international trade and capital formation will render economic relations among states far more intimate and important than ever before. In broad terms, if one portrays our national objectives as being peace and prosperity, then clearly our nation's economic performance directly influences the degree of prosperity attained and indirectly affects our prospects for peace. A vibrant and competitive economy is essential in order to take advantage of opportunities to trade with and invest in other nations as part of a new world order and to retain our leadership position in the global environment.

As ideas and policy proposals are generated in the above areas, cognizance of historical context is pertinent, including the intent of the founding fathers and the past rationale put forward for existing institutions. Furthermore, the perspective of our society entering a new age of global interaction and competition, and experiencing rapidly evolving technological change, will also prove to be extremely important considerations in the pursuit of positive policy development.

—John Raisian

Originally published as the lead article in the premier edition of the Hoover Digest: Research and Opinion on Public Policy. Historical information contained herein draws heavily from Herbert Hoover and Stanford University, by George H. Nash, published by the Hoover Institution Press in 1988. The book and digest can be ordered through the Hoover Institution Press by calling 800-935-2882.

Hoover Institution
Stanford University
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phone: 650-723-1754
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